tisk zpět

Modální pomocná slovesa pravděpodobnosti (Modal auxiliary verbs of probability)

100% 90% 50% 10% 0%
WILL MUST MAY / MIGHT (COULD) MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT CAN'T

MAY a MIGHT

MAY - možná

We may go to Greece this year. We haven't decided yet. Možná, že pojedeme letos do řecka. Ještě jsme se nerozhodli.
"Where's Ann?" - "She may be having a bath. I don't know." "Kde je Anna?" - "Možná, že se koupe. Já nevím."
Vyjadřuje možnost, že se událost stane nebo se zrovna teď odehrává. Odpovídá českému "možná".

MIGHT - možná

It might be raining. Take an umbrella. Mohlo by pršet. Vezmi si deštník.
"Where's Peter?" - "He might be upstairs. There's a light on." "Kde je Petr?" - "Snad je nahoře. Svítí se tam."
Je váhavější a méně jistější než MAY.

COULD

COULD - možná

You could be right. I'm not sure. Mohl byste mít pravdu. Nejsem si jistý.
The film could be worth seeing. It had a good review. Ten film by mohl stát za zhlédnutí. Má dobrou kritiku.
Má podobný význam jako MIGHT.

MIGHT NOT / MAY NOT- možná ne

You might not be right. Nemusíš mít pravdu.
The film might not be any good. Ten film nemusí být dobrý.
COULDN'T se nepoužívá k vyjádření budoucí možnosti. Zápor od COULD v tomto pojetí je MIGHT NOT.
Chceme-li vyjádřit, že podle našeho názoru nějaký děj MOŽNÁ právě teď probíhá, užijeme po MAY/MIGHT průběhový infinitiv – BE + -ingový tvar slovesa.
She may/might be looking for it. Možná to hledá.
He may/might be waiting for us. Možná na nás čeká.

ale:
She may/might look for it. Možná to bude hledat.
He may/might wait for us. Možná na nás počká.

Vyjadřování jistoty

MUST - vyjadřuje, že něco je URČITĚ tak, jak se domníváme

It must be here. Musí to tady být. Jistě to tady je. (Tady jsem to přece nechal.)

CAN'T – určitě ne, není to reálná jistota, pouze vyjádření naší domněnky

It can't be here. Nemůže to tady být. Určitě to tady není. (Jinak bychom to už byli našli.)
Chceme-li vyjádřit, že podle našeho názoru nějaký děj právě probíhá nebo neprobíhá, užijeme po MUST a CAN’T průběhový infinitiv – BE + -ingový tvar slovesa).
It must be raining. Určitě prší. (Slyším to.)
It can't be raining. Určitě neprší. (Jinak bychom to slyšeli.)

Modální pomocná slovesa pravděpodobnosti v minulosti (Modal auxiliary verbs of probability in the past)

PODMĚT + MODÁLNÍ SLOVESO + HAVE + INFINITIV + -ed/-d
(nebo 3. tvar)

CAN'T

He can't have done it! To přece nemohl udělat!
Peter can't have done it! Petr to určitě neudělal.
Vyjadřuje nejistotu nebo pochybnost mluvčího a to zpravidla v záporné větě. Překládáme jako "PŘECE NEMOHL" nebo "PŘECE + významové sloveso v minulém čase".

COULD

MAY

MIGHT

He may have done it. Možná, že to udělal.
She may have bought it. Možná, že to koupila.
He could have been there. Možná, že tam byl.
It might have been worse. Mohlo to být horší.
He might have done it earlier. Mohl to udělat dříve! - ale neudělal
Vyjadřují možnost vzhledem k minulosti. Český ekvivalent je "MOŽNÁ, ŽE".

MUST

He must have done it yesterday. Jistě to udělal včera.
Určitě to udělal včera.
Musel to udělal včera.
Vyjadřuje pravděpodobnost, domněnku. Překládáme pomocí JISTĚ, určitě. Zápor je CAN'T HAVE + -ed.

NEEDN'T

He needn't have got up so early. Nemusel vstávat tak brzy
Zbytečně vstával tak brzy.
Vyjadřuje situaci "nemusel to dělat, dělal to zbytečně, nebylo to potřebné".

Příklady:

Why wasn't Mary at the party? She may have fallen ill.
Why didn't they go to the seaside? They may have preferred the mountains.
Did she like the performance? She couldn't have liked the performance. If she had liked it, she certainly would have told me.
It was put under the desk. Who could have put it there?
The flowers were planted last week. Who could have planted them?
Did they walk all time here, or take a bus? They can't have walked all the way here, so they must have taken a bus.
Was she bored by the lecture, or only tired? She can't have been bored by the lecture, so she must have been tired.
Tony seems to know everything. He must have studied hard.
Susan seems to be sad. She must have lost something.
Why didn't he know about it? It's hard to say. He should have known about it.
Why didn't they water the flowers every day? It is hard to say. They should have watered them.
She needn't have washed up. Why did she do it?
You might have gone with us. Why didn't you do it?
You ought to have phoned me. Why didn't you do it? I were waiting for your calling for all afternoon.
Peter got married without saying anything to his parents. He can't have done it!
Michael hasn't written to me for a long time. He can't have forgotten about me!

Opisné tvary modálních sloves

Modální slovesa CAN, MUST, MAY nemají infinitiv a netvoří jiný než přítomný čas, ostatní slovesné časy proto tvoříme opisem:

CAN TO BE ABLE TO ... moci, být schopen, umět, dokázat
MUST TO HAVE TO ... muset, mít povinnost
MAY TO BE ALLOWED TO ... smět, mít dovoleno
Slovesné časy od TO BE ABLE TO a TO BE ALLOWED TO tvoříme podle pravidel časování samostatných sloves TO BE.

SLOVESO CAN

Přítomný čas:
I can sing. - I am able to sing.
Can I sing? - Am I able to sing?
I can't sing. - I am not able to sing.
 
Předpřítomný čas:
I have been able to sing.
Have I been able to sing?
I haven't been able to sing.
 
Minulý čas:
I could sing when I was a little girl.
Could I sing when I was a little girl?
I couldn't sing when I was a little girl.
I was able to help my mum yesterday
Was I able to help my mum yesterday?
I wasn't able to help my mum yesterday.
 
Předminulý čas:
I had been able to sing before I entered kindergarten.
Had I been able to sing before I entered kindergarten?
I hadn't been able to sing before I entered kindergarten.
 
Budoucí čas:
I will be able to sing when I learn it.
Will I be able to sing when I learn it?
I won't be able to sing without learning it.
Tvar COULD používáme v minulém čase jen tehdy, jde-li o všeobecnou schopnost v minulosti, ne jednorázový děj. Ve významu "byl jsem schopen, dokázal jsem, povedlo se mi" používáme v minulém čase vždy opis "I was able to".
Michael was able to repair my car yesterday. Včera se Michaelovi podařilo opravit moje auto.
Were you able to do it? Byli jste schopni to udělat?
We weren't able to buy that expensive car. Nemohli jsme koupit drahé auto.
Michael could swim when he was a child. Michael uměl plavat, když byl dítě.

SLOVESO MUST

Jeho opisný tvar "TO HAVE TO" časujeme jako významové sloveso, tedy otázky a záporné věty pomocí pomocných slov.
Přítomný čas:
I must sing. - I have to sing.
Must I sing? - Do I have to sing?
I needn't sing. - I don't have to sing.
 
Předpřítomný čas:
I have had to sing.
Have I had to sing?
I haven't had to sing.
 
Minulý čas:
I had to sing yesterday.
Did I have to sing yesterday?
I didn't have to sing yesterday.
 
Předminulý čas:
I had had to sing before I left the party.
Had I had to sing before I left the party?
I hadn't had to sing before I left the party.
 
Budoucí čas:
I will have to sing at school.
Will I have to sing at school?
I won't have to sing at school.

SLOVESO MAY

Přítomný čas:
I may do it. - I am allowed to do it.
May I do it? - Am I allowed to do it?
I mayn't (mustn't) do it. - I am not allowed to do it.
 
Předpřítomný čas:
I have been allowed to do it.
Have I been allowed to do it?
I haven't been allowed to do it.
 
Minulý čas:
I was allowed to do it yesterday.
Was I allowed to do it yesterday?
I wasn't allowed to do it yesterday.
 
Předminulý čas:
I had been allowed to do it.
Had I been allowed to do it?
I hadn't been allowed to do it.
 
Budoucí čas:
I will be allowed to do it tomorrow.
Will I be allowed to do it tomorrow?
I won't be allowed to do it yesterday.
2008/2009 Veronika Lipusová
Dlouhodobá maturitní práce na téma: Přehled anglické gramatiky střední školy